A type-1 diabetes develops when the immune system attacks a bad reaction in one’s own pancreas and destroys the insulin-producing cells. Due to an inflammatory reaction, which takes different lengths, the pancreas can no longer fulfill their function and diabetes becomes apparent. The onset of diabetes may last, depending on the injury, so that even ill babies or adults only. How it but at the slip of the immune system, so the exact cause of diabetes, occurs remains unclear.

Vaccination against type 1 diabetes?
If several relatives of a child have type 1 diabetes are affected, the genetic risk for the child greatly increases also suffer from diabetes too. Now by contrast, could potentially help the early administration of small doses of insulin as a kind of vaccination. Unlike type-1-Diabektikern with overt diabetes, the insulin for at-risk children do not serve to lower their blood sugar. It affects the immune system and prevent the fatal bad reaction to the pancreas in the long run. Two studies will now investigate in Austria, Italy, Britain, Canada, the USA and in Germany, how much insulin is suitable for the prevention and how it needs to be taken. The hormone could for example be administered in very small doses by mouth or as a nasal spray. When taken orally, insulin has no blood glucose-lowering effect, because it is ineffective by the stomach acid. With the hormone only children should be treated, although they are burdened with a high hereditary risk of diabetes, but still show no symptoms of the disease.

Who can participate in the prevention trial?
In Germany, experimental subjects aged 18 months to 7 years to be searched, where a family history is given with diabetes. Notes for a high risk of disease include pre-existing diabetes type 1 disease among siblings or their own parents. Before study participation, the individual risk of diabetes of the participating child is determined. The examinations and treatments during the studies are free of charge to participating families. The study is supported by the German Federal Ministry for Education and Research and the American Foundation for Diabetes Study. The study is called “pre-point” and is conducted in Germany by Professor Ezio Bonifacio at the TU Munich. For the 18-month study will be looking for a total of 40 children.

The World Diabetes Day is an important vehicle for all countries to ensure that people know the true magnitude of the problem of diabetes, a disease that currently affects approximately 220 million people, according to official figures published on the site WHO web.

How could it be otherwise, the secretary general of the United Nations, Ban Ki-moon issued a message in the context of World Diabetes Day, which was published in full in the official website of the international organization.

The chief said that this disease, characterized by having your blood sugar levels high, killing more than a million people a year, mostly in developing nations, as published by the UN Web.

According to this website, Ki-moon said the United Nations its full support to countries that are facing the challenges of diabetes and asked that the international community and international agencies also give support to countries development.

To end this note, it would be good to answer the following question: why this celebration takes place on the 14th of November? Well, in that same date, but the year 1891, was born Canadian physician Frederick Grant Banting, one of the researchers who discovered the hormone insulin, which years later won the Nobel Prize in Medicine for this discovery.

Diabetes is defined as a metabolic disorder that involves having blood glucose (sugar) levels above the levels set. Is taken as normal blood levels between 70 and 100 mg / dl fasting. When levels exceed these values, in chronic form begins with lesions in organs like the heart, eyes, kidneys, nerves, feet and blood vessels.

Importantly, there are different types of diabetes: Type 1 diabetes is characterized by the absence of synthesis of insulin in type 2 diabetes which has its origin in the body’s inability to effectively use the insulin (the most common and can be prevented) and the so-called “gestational diabetes” which was first discovered during the stage of pregnancy.

In another vein, it is necessary to add that there are certain factors that are associated with diabetes, obesity, stress, poor diet, family history and / or hypertension.

People with diabetes may reduce these risk factors and live a normal life. For this, you must acquire some patterns of behavior such as physical exercise, a controlled medication, a balanced diet as well as having a regular medical checks.

Explains research materials for the realization of this note, which was compiled by the website Cardiosalud.org, patients with this disease can achieve a good quality of life depending on the habits they acquire.

It is important to add that this disease affects about 220 million people, according to official figures published on the website of the World Health Organization (WHO) on the occasion of World Diabetes Day, which were published months ago in this blog.

Her daughter, then 18-months old, was rushed and spent several days in the hospital tested until doctors were able to determine the dose of insulin needed to balance your blood sugar level. “I do not understand anything, it was blank,” said Alice to voanoticias.com, who until now had no close relative with Type I diabetes

Hospital Alice and her husband came up with an idea of how the metabolism of Emilia, what dose of insulin would need daily, what kind of diet should continue and at what times I had to eat. In practice, this meant a total rethinking of their lives. Alice had to leave her job of 10 years as a clerk in a blood bank to provide care for her daughter. And over the years, she and her family learned to overcome their fears and prepare for future obstacles.

“Diabetes in itself is not the problem. Is how one is prepared to receive it, “said Alice. In his case, as a mother, assumed that diabetes requires everything to be planned in advance: dining out, family holidays, daily meals, going to the school, children’s birthday, her daughter’s education in the management of their disease. ..

What the human body usually regulates the concentration of glucose-blood-is a function that Emilia’s mother to meet. His daughter received seven daily injections of insulin are two types: one is NPH insulin, intermediate acting, and the other is the ultra-fast, which acts within minutes of being injected. But that is not enough. After each meal, Alice must make a count of Emilia ingested carbohydrates and measure blood glucose value to determine the dose of insulin should administer.

There are other factors to be taken into account. Although physical exercise is highly recommended for diabetics, if the activity is very intense and you do not eat in the hours after the blood glucose level may drop too low. This downturn may also be given if the person receives an excessive dose of insulin. And abnormally low blood sugar can cause hypoglycaemia, the fear of all parents with children with diabetes who do not know yet regulated.

Emilia suffered only two episodes of hypoglycemia, a short time ago. “The person comes into a kind of seizure, start shaking, talked to and does not respond,” said Alice. Sometimes, hypoglycemia can occur at night, when the person is asleep. “For me, sleeping on your run does not exist. Every now and then I wake up to see how Emilia. ”

Other parents invent their own techniques. “One mother said her son had an episode of hypoglycemia, and for a time gave the evening a Milanese huge for your blood sugar level remains high,” he said. “Another mother put a nylon on the mattress of the bed of her son. If the sound of nylon felt, I knew that everything was fine because the child moved. But if the noise was too much, check that they were not seizures. ”

Emilio can live normally? When asked, his mother reflected: “No such thing as normal life. What are the parameters of comparison? We live well because we are accustomed, as we assimilate. Other families, not so much. ”

And if you have assimilated. Every year, parents of Emilia are doctors and diabetes to school to give a talk to teachers about their disease. They also send a newsletter for fellow students and their parents. Emilia carries a kit with all necessary equipment to meet an emergency.

The children’s birthday was an issue. Alice said they hoped the time take the cake for Emilia, and not tempted. Then they learned that she can eat a small piece of cake, with sugar, if then regulates blood sugar. And at first, when Emilia had a birthday, I cooked a cake diet. “The first we was horrible,” recalled Alice. Now found places where they can buy a cake for diabetics or give a small piece of sugary cake.

Educate them in managing their disease is not always easy. “We have to impose limits. She has psychological care. But it is like climbing stairs. When you think you understand everything, down two steps. For example, sometimes we go to the bakery and if there’s something says, ‘No, I can not because I have diabetes. ” And the next day, asking who gave her a gingerbread. ”

There were times when, as a mother, Alice felt guilty. “I wondered whether I would have done something wrong that caused his diabetes.” Once his daughter asked him why he was not born before his brother, Philip. “It was the only question you amazed me.”

Diabetes, like any chronic disease, causes these emotional swings. But Emilia’s family continues, with the autopilot. “One Day at a Time”, is the position of Alice. And Emilia, a beautiful and lively girl of five years, gradually learning about their bodies. Any contention that receives the help, later, to be self-reliant, the greatest desire of his mother.

To inform the public about the symptoms of diabetes, to help early detection and thus prevent cases of ketoacidosis, especially in children and adolescents, Diabetes Foundation and the Spanish Society of Pediatric Endocrinology with the collaboration of the General Council of Official Colleges of Pharmacists (CGCOF) have launched the campaign “Know the symptoms of Diabetes.” In this, to be held under the World Diabetes Day, celebrated on 14 November, more than 21,500 participating pharmacies throughout Spain.

In order to present this campaign, and studies have highlighted the need for information in this regard, we organized a press conference next Thursday November 11 at 10.30 am in the General Council of Pharmaceutical officers. The meeting was attended by Dr. Beatriz García Cuartero, Service of Endocrinology, Hospital Severo Ochoa, Andoni Lorenzo, father of a child with diabetes, Ana Aliaga, secretary of CGCOF, and M ª Carmen Marín, executive director of the Foundation for Diabetes.

Sometimes it may persist after birth and is associated with increased maternal disorders (hypertension or high blood pressure, vaginal infections and urinary tract, premature delivery and caesarean) and serious harm to the baby (macrosomia fetal death, ie overgrowth of the product because it is exposed to more glucose than usual this is because it stimulates your pancreas secretes insulin abundance increases their development, which can lead to injury at the time of passing through the birth canal .)

Pregnancy is a metabolic stress on the body of the mother because the baby uses their bodies for food (energy), oxygen and eliminating waste. For this reason, the woman who becomes pregnant is more likely a deficiency of the hormone that allows sugar or glucose is used by the cell (insulin), causing difficulty breathing.

The type 2 diabetes
Type-2 diabetes have a resistance of body cells to the biological effects of insulin. Once this so-called insulin resistance is too strong, does the injected insulin in a diabetes therapy is not effective enough. Be increased in these cases, the insulin sensitivity by insulin sensitizers. These sensitizers are firstly used for type-2 diabetes with marked insulin resistance, ie, in patients in whom insulin alone is insufficient. On the other hand in diabetic patients who are not the standard combination of insulin and metformin because of contraindications or intolerance can take.

To date, registered in Germany, two insulin sensitizers: Pioglitazone and rosiglitazone. These drugs increase insulin sensitivity of liver cells, muscle, and adipose tissue. The cells absorb more sugar by these substances, the liver, however, limits their glucose production. The result: the blood sugar level falls, both fasting and after meals.

The study
In the current study for three years more than 4000 patients taking part. All will be treated with the combination of insulin and pioglitazone. The first interim analysis of data from 2086 patients from 408 different diabetological study centers appears very positive. The blood glucose levels of the test subjects fell by nearly one percentage point. As an ultimate goal, the leaders recommend a percentage of 6.5%. In addition, the interim results showed that 22% of patients required less insulin. Blood pressure and blood lipid values of study participants also improved.

Possible side effects
The compatibility ratio of this therapy was quite good and was 97.7%, which was tolerated in most patients, the combination without major problems. One in seven patients, there was water retention in the legs. Through a diuretic these unwanted side effects, however, were already resolved during therapy. Encouraging, the researchers expressed the fact that no patient had to discontinue the therapy and already well-known complications with pioglitazone were observed.

Treatment Information
In patients receiving the combination therapy for the first time it is very important that the physician individually reduces the insulin dose to prevent hypoglycaemia. Those in charge of the study suggest, therefore, patients in the first few weeks follow closely, especially with regard to the occurrence of Herzinsuffiziensymptomen. Particularly crucial to a problem-entry into this type of therapy is the continuous adjustment of insulin dose.

In contrast to the insulin-dependent type 1 diabetes produce humans with type 2 diabetes, even a small amount of endogenous insulin. This amount is often small, that they no longer sufficient to adequately regulate the blood sugar. In addition, the metabolism of a type-2 diabetics often speaks to the existing insulin significantly less responsive than in perfectly healthy people would be the case. In this problem, so-called “oral agents” to correct the situation. These tablets increase the effects of the existing residual insulin and stimulate the pancreas to pour out to, for example at meals sufficient endogenous insulin. In the tablets even no insulin is included because it would be destroyed by stomach acid. In Germany, a type-2 diabetes is usually treated with oral antidiabetic agents. Only when the excess of regular long-term blood sugar levels (HbA1c), despite all efforts, the level of 7% are type 2 diabetics treated with insulin.

Texas study examines the advantages and disadvantages of diabetes therapy
A team of endocrinologists in the United States had now for three years, recently published study examined the self-treatment of people with type 2 diabetes. The study involved about 58 people had taken part with a newly diagnosed diabetes who were assigned randomly to one of two groups. One group was treated during the three-year observation period with insulin and the drug metformin, the other group received a combination treatment with the antidiabetic metformin, pioglitazone, and glyburide.

Insulin and combination tablets are equally good
The result: The HbA1c of both groups differed at the end of the study, only 0.1 percent. The insulin group had reached an average of 6.1%, the tablet group had the slightly better value of 6%. Weight gain was observed in both groups. Surprisingly, participants had risen kg in the insulin group, however, only about 4.5, while the tablet group average of 7.2 kg with a lot more put on the scales. Hypoglycemia occurred during the study in both groups rarely, and usually, these were not severe hypoglycemia. The self-discipline and the satisfaction with the therapy in both groups were also roughly equal.

Results are not fully meaningful
As a result, the insulin / metformin therapy and the combination of three anti-diabetic agents also equal. However, a combination of three different anti-diabetic agents in Germany is practiced only in emergencies, because the blood glucose in most patients even with a tablet can be adjusted very well. In addition, a study with only 60 patients compared to the experience of millions of diabetics is not meaningful.

The pancreas (in the lower part of the stomach) makes insulin and enzymes that food.Inside help the body process and use of the pancreas are clusters of cells called the islands of Langerhans.Islets are different types of cells, including beta-formed cells, the to make insulin. (National Diabetes Information Clearinghouse)

Research shows the first high-resolution map of the genomes in these cells, the majority is for the treatment and prevention of Type II diabetes is important. On balance, the discovery of the genetic changes that alter the genes disease.If may be, then the treatment and prevention can lead to change exponentially.

By narrowing the 80,000 vacancies detected within chromatin pancreatic islet cells to 3,300 clusters, the results of individual genes that are in islet cells, 20 of these genes harbor genetic types in patients with type II diabetes.This research are not limited to the treatment of diabetes, they are also interested in the discovery of genes associated with lymphocytes of the immune system associated with.

New research on diabetes daily.Just published yesterday, a story about the diagnosis of diabetes to the forefront that people will no longer have to undergo more rapid and invasive blood tests, a new option available. Living with diabetes is difficult, especially when you consider that millions of Americans, they suffer every day, new studies show that people do not feel they receive good treatment from their doctors.

Another interesting factor about the release of this new genetic evidence correlates, as it is released. Victoza with the new diabetes treatment drug, already approved, and Byetta, which are under review, will, intend, its future biotechnology -achieving companies millions of dollars in profits.

Normally, when glucose exceeds 110 mg / dl is secreted insulin and low blood sugar to normal (80-110 mg / dl). When the blood sugar falls below 60 mg / dl, normal production slows insulin, which limits the use of glucose by the tissues and allows increased blood glucose to normal.

The body gets its energy in the form of carbohydrates, fats and proteins through the diet. This provides fuel for 4-8 hours of cell metabolism. After this period the body will draw on glucose produced by the liver primarily, but all controlled by the degree of insulin producing pancreatic cells.